THE NORTH POLE IS MOVING FROM CANADA, TO RUSSIA…
Geophysicists tracking the Earth’s Magnetic
field say, the pole is slipping into Siberian Territory
A Stereographic
Projection shows the movement of the Magnetic (red) and Geomagnetic (blue)
poles in the Northern Hemisphere since 1900 (Thébault et al. Earth, Planets and Space)
For the first time since it was
discovered on the North American mainland, the magnetic North Pole is heading
into Siberian territory.
Geophysicists who use satellite data to
track the machinations of the Earth’s magnetic field say the pole is moving
extraordinarily fast, galloping across the Arctic Archipelago so swiftly that
earlier this year, its speed forced scientists to recalculate magnetic models
earlier than they had planned.
The magnetic North Pole is the one spot
on the top of the planet where the Earth’s magnetic field lines converge and
drive straight into its core.
The core, made of a solid inner part
and a molten metallic outer part, continually creates the planet’s vast and
changeable magnetic field as it sheds heat stored there since the planet’s
birth.
Maritime and airplane navigation,
defence systems and even smartphones depend on accurate magnetic readings.
The cavorting magnetic North Pole has
made that tricky for decades.
But despite its rapid movement, it has
remained in Canadian territory.
Until now. While geophysicists can’t
say for sure when the pole will be in Russian territory, because it’s hard to
pinpoint the geographic claims there, they say its Siberian trajectory is
unstoppable.
That’s happening because of a
tug-of-war between two unusually strong magnetic patches in the outer core,
says Phil Livermore, director of the Institute of Geophysics and Tectonics at
the University of Leeds.
One patch is under Canada. The other is
beneath Siberia.
The magnetic North Pole has
historically been in Canada because our country has won the molten push-pull
contest. But now?
“Something’s
changed, and now Siberia is winning,” Livermore says, explaining that the patch
under Canada is being thinned out like a smear, elongated and weakened by a
separate, fierce jet of magnetism in the core.
For centuries, the magnetic North Pole
has been a key geographic prize.
Finding it was a central goal of the
so-called magnetic crusade that obsessed scientists and navigators in the 18th
and 19th centuries as they raced to understand the mysterious, invisible force
that moves the compass.
Finally, on June 1, 1831, the Arctic
sailor and explorer James Clark Ross set up camp in some abandoned Inuit ice
huts on the Boothia Peninsula on the mainland of what is now Canada and
pinpointed the magnetic North Pole for the first time.
Ross, who named the peninsula after
Felix Booth, the wealthy British gin distiller who had financed his expedition,
claimed the find for Britain and was knighted.
The magnetic North Pole remains laden
with symbolism, says John Geiger, chief executive of the Royal Canadian
Geographical Society and an Arctic scholar.
Russia is prone to “chest-thumping”
over any geographic prize, he says, and may do that over gaining this one.
Geiger says that among those who have
been following the journey of magnetic north, there is a sense of inevitability
that it has decamped to Russia.
“It’s not a comment on the performance
of our federal government, although some may choose to interpret it that way,”
Geiger jokes. “Nothing is forever in the world of magnetism.”
That impermanence has made the magnetic
poles endlessly fascinating to scientists.
The field’s lines are like stretchy,
ungovernable elastic bands that gyrate around the Earth, protecting us from
solar storms and galactic radiation.
That means the movement of the poles
gives clues to what’s going on in the Earth’s innermost regions.
Sometimes the field becomes so tortured
that the magnetic poles switch places altogether; north becomes south and south
becomes north.
The last time that happened was 780,000
years ago.
Geophysicists cannot say when that will
happen again, or whether the weird inner turbulence causing magnetic north to
move so fast is a sign that the switch is imminent.
While it’s not quite as mysterious as
it was during the magnetic crusade, the Earth’s magnetic field remains
inscrutable in many important ways.
Some Canadians will be oblivious to the
history and significance of the magnetic North Pole, Geiger says, while others
will mourn its loss to Russia.
And many others may conflate some of
the four north poles that geographers have identified.
They are: the magnetic North Pole, the
geographical North Pole (where the lines
of longitude converge), the geomagnetic North Pole (where the planet’s simplified two-pole magnetic field has its north
coordinate), and the North Pole of inaccessibility (the farthest northerly marine point from any land mass).
Geographers have episodically
recalculated the site of the North Pole of inaccessibility as new islands are
discovered.
Modern-day British and Russian
explorers have mounted expeditions to find it in the moving sea ice.
Of the three north poles that are
better known, though, Russia has dibs on two. Magnetic north is sprinting to
Russia on its own.
Russia has also claimed geographical
north, as has Denmark.
“Right now, the geographical North Pole
is in the high seas,” says Rob Huebert, a political scientist at the University
of Calgary, adding that its ownership is politically unresolved.
Other poles aside, the magnetic North
Pole remains knitted into the Canadian psyche and culture.
It is embedded in a loose definition of
the Arctic and the traditional Inuit homeland, says Andrew Chater, Fulbright
visiting research chair in Arctic studies at the University of Washington in
Seattle and a faculty member at Brescia University College in London, Ont.
“We associate the Arctic with the
Canadian identity,” he says; “It’s become part of our national ethos.”
Many people also link the magnetic
North Pole with Santa Claus, partly because of the confusion over magnetic and
geographical north. And Santa is definitely Canadian.
In fact, Chater says, Canada’s
immigration department has, tongue-in-cheek, named Saint Nick an honorary
citizen and issued him a passport, a move aimed at cementing the importance to
Canada of the pole and its most famous Elf.
Canada Post has long offered postal
service for letters to Santa, complete with the sly postal code H0H0H0.
Will Santa’s citizenship wobble along
with magnetic north? And how does all of this affect Canada’s northern chops?
At the moment, the only North Pole that
is indisputably Canadian is the geomagnetic one.
After a stint in Greenland at the
beginning of the 20th century, it is now located on Ellesmere Island,
Livermore’s maps show.
Unlike the magnetic North Pole, it is
moving slowly.
But if Canada were to lose the
magnetic, geographical and geomagnetic north poles, that would be a psychic
blow, Geiger says.
“We must do everything in our power to
ensure that the geomagnetic North Pole remains Canadian,” he says. “Perhaps we
should be planting our flag on it this summer.”
Livermore advises calm. While Siberia
is capturing the magnetic North Pole at the moment, the Earth’s internal
magnetic romps are so vigorous that Canada could one day take it back again.
The Canadian author Kathleen Winter has
a different take on the matter.
She wrote the novel Annabel and
the literary non-fiction work Boundless, which traces Sir John
Franklin’s path across the Northwest Passage.
“My feeling is that Earth’s forces
might be indicating to us that it is time to stop our outmoded notions of
borders, boundaries and ownership,” she wrote in an email.
“Many globally significant phenomena,
from weather to animal distress to human migration, are sending us a clear
message that we need to make a gigantic shift in our collective thinking, away
from small-minded notions of sovereignty and protectionism to something larger
and more intelligent.”
Perhaps the magnetic North Pole’s
defection is a symbol in itself.
It’s something we can’t change,
tethered to operations deep within our planet.
But it can focus attention on the
change we are capable of doing something about: the rising concentration of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that is destabilizing climate norms.
Siberia, after all, also has claim to
the pole of cold, the coldest spot in the northern hemisphere.
But, like the rest of the Arctic, it is
warming up fast, so who knows how long it can wear that crown?.
